searchO Bikini E Goodlookingstrippedsingers SW Team T Team HI Pages G Bikini search Team Pages nsearchb Team l Bikini n Goodlookingstrippedsingers u Bikini lnakedkoreangirlso Nieur searchu Team t Bikini l Pages n Pages u Bikini l Goodlookingstrippedsingers sp Bikini e Nieur h Bikini searchaa Nieur edksearchr Bikini angir Bikini sil searchhasearchgnsearch Pages r Goodlookingstrippedsingers m Nieur t Bikini esearch Goodlookingstrippedsingers Pages vosearcha Goodlookingstrippedsingers u Team anakedkoreangirlsy Goodlookingstrippedsingers Team r Pages mnakedkoreangirlsa Team , Team a Pages dsearchpate Pages n ofoe Pages la Nieur gsearchae tsearch Bikini n Goodlookingstrippedsingers t Bikini er- Pages o Pages t Nieur nsearch Pages searchi Nieur m Goodlookingstrippedsingers d Nieur s Goodlookingstrippedsingers nsearche Pages c Bikini .searchA Nieur searchxa Bikini ple searchennakedkoreangirlse Goodlookingstrippedsingers ce Goodlookingstrippedsingers oi Team lusta Pages e Bikini tsearchi Goodlookingstrippedsingers searchr Pages ces Pages search Bikini ussearchn Nieur Nieur ati Team , Team S Nieur a Goodlookingstrippedsingers i Nieur h, searcher Pages a Pages ,searcha Bikini d Goodlookingstrippedsingers Fsearche Team c Goodlookingstrippedsingers ighsearch searche Team dsearcha Team folow Goodlookingstrippedsingers : Pages "Imprimus, el commander qui runs his troops y sus attendants to death in a blitzkrieg isn't tres sapiens, n'est-pas?" [In the first place, the commander who runs his troops and his attendants to death in a sudden attack isn't very wise, right?]

Although the term code-switching is one used in linguistics, code-switching as a phenomenon does appear in literature. The character of Salvatori the monk in Umberto Eco's The Name of the Rose engages continuously in code-switching among Latin, Spanish, French, Italian, and German tongues, for instance. Code-switching is a common feature in Hispanic American English and in the fiction writings of Chicano authors. Cf. dog-latin and macaronic texts.

CODICOLOGY (from Latin codex, "book"): The study of books as physical artifacts.

COGNATE: Cognates are words that (1) match each other to some degree in sound and meaning, (2) come from a common root in an older language, but (3) did not actually serve as a root for each other. For instance, in European Romance languages, many words trace their roots back to Latin. The Latin word unus (one) later became the root for a number of words meaning "one" such as une (French) and uno (Spanish). Une and uno are cognates--cousins or siblings on the family tree of languages--but unus is the root or ancestor for these relatives. The Hebrew shalom, Arabic salaam, and the Aramaic shelam are similar cognates all meaning "peace." The amateur philologist should be cautious of false cognates and folk etymology, however. False cognates are words that happen to have a similar sound and meaning, but which are actually unrelated semantically and historically. Folk etymologies are erroneous accounts of how a word came into existence. Typically, the originator of the error hears or reads an unfamiliar word. The orginator then fabricates a spurious source by linking the strange word to a more familiar expression or then fashions a pun based upon sound similarities. Cognates play an important part in reconstructing dead languages such as proto-Indo-European.

COGNOMEN (plural, cognomina): See discussion under tria nomina.

COLLECTIVE NOUN, COLLECTIVE PRONOUN: A noun such as team or pair that technically refers to a collective group of individuals or individual items. What makes them tricky in grammar? They can be singular or plural (e.g., one team, two teams, or one pair, two pairs.) Many students forget that and mistakenly treat the grammatically singular word as if it were always plural. Likewise, collective pronouns like some use the modifier rather than the headword for singular versus plural structure. For instance, "Some of the the workers are gone" uses a plural verb, but "Some of the work is done" uses a singular verb.

COLLECTIVE UNCONSCIOUS: In twentieth-century Jungian Psychology, this term refers to a shared group of archetypes (atavistic and universal images, cultural symbols, and recurring situations dealing with the fundamental facts of human life) passed along to each generation to the next in folklore and stories or generated anew by the way must face similar problems to those our ancestors faced. Within a culture, the collective unconscious forms a treasury of powerful shared images and symbols found in our dreams, art stories, myths, and religious icons. See more detailed discussion under archetypal criticism.

COLLOCATION: The frequency or tendency some words have to combine with each other. For instance, Algeo notes that the phrases "tall person" and "high mountain" seem to fit together readily without sounding strange. A non-native speaker might talk about a "high person" or "tall mountain," and this construction might sound slightly odd to a native English speaker. The difference is in collocation.

COLLOQUIALISM: A word or phrase used everyday in plain and relaxed speech, but rarely found in formal writing. (Compare with cliché, jargon and slang.)

COLONIAL PERIOD: American and British historians use this term somewhat differently. American scholars usually use the term "colonial period" to refer to the years in the American colonies before the American Revolution against the British Monarchy--usually dating it from 1607 (when Jamestown was founded) to 1787 (when Congress ratified the Federal Constitution). This period coincides roughly with the Reformation in England and continues up through the end of the Enlightenment or Neoclassical Period. American writers from the colonial period include Ben Franklin, Thomas Paine, and Anne Bradstreet. See also Neoclassic. Click here to download a PDF handout placing this period in historical context with other literary movments.

When British historians use the term, they sometimes tend to apply the word "colonial" in more general reference to the British expansions into the Americas, the Indies, India, Africa, and the Middle-East over the course of several centuries, even up to the nineteenth century and early twentieth century. See colonialism, below.

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