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and its artistic, scientific, and cultural achievements. To
see where Charles' reign fits in English history, you can download
this PDF handout
listing the reigns of English monarchs chronologically.
CAVALIER
DRAMA: A form of English drama comprising court plays
that the Queen gave patronage to in the 1630s. Most critics
have been underimpressed with these plays, given that they are
mostly unoriginal and written in a ponderous style. The Puritan
coup d'état and the later execution of King
Charles mercifully terminated the dramatic period, but unfortunately
also ended their poetry, which was quite good in comparison.
CAVALIER
POETS: A group of Cavalier
English lyric poets who supported King Charles I and wrote during
his reign. The major Cavalier poets included Carew, Waller,
Lovelace, Sir John Suckling, and Herrick. They largely abandoned
the sonnet form
favored for a century earlier, but they still focused on the
themes of love and sensuality and their work illustrates "technical
virtuosity" as J. A. Cuddon put it (125). They
show strong signs of Ben Jonson's influence.
CEDILLA:
A diacritical mark
used in several languages, such as the ç in
French.
CELLERAGE:
The hollow area beneath a Renaissance stage--known in Renaissance
slang as "hell" and entered through a trapdoor called
a "hellmouth."
The voice of the ghost comes from this area in Hamlet,
which has led to scholarly discussion concerning whether or
not the ghost is really Hamlet's father or a demon in disguise.
CELTIC:
A branch of the Indo-European
family of languages. Celtic includes Welsh and Breton. Celtic
languages are geographically linked to western Europe, and they
come in two general flavors, goidelic (or Q-celtic) and brythonic
(or P-celtic).
CELTIC
REVIVAL: A literary movement involving increased interest
in Welsh, Scottish, and Irish culture, myths, legends, and literature..
It began in the late 1700s and continues to this day. Thomas
Gray's Pindaric ode The Bard (1757) and Ieuan Brydydd's
publication of Some Specimens of the Poetry of the Ancient
Welsh Bards (1764) mark its emergence, and Charlotte Guest's
translation of The Mabinogion in 1839 marks its continued
rise. Matthew Arnold's lectures on Celtic literature at Oxford
helped promote the foundation of a Chair of Celtic at that school
in 1877. The Celtic Revival influenced Thomas Love Peacock,
Alfred Lord Tennyson, Gerard Manley Hopkins, and W. B.
Yeats, and probably lead to the creation of the Abbey
Theatre. A continuing part of the Celtic Revival
is the Irish Literary Renaissance, a surge
of extraordinary Irish talent in the late nineteenth and twentieth
century including Bram Stoker, James Joyce, William Butler Yeats,
Samuel Beckett, George Bernard Shaw, and Seamus Heaney.
CENOTAPH:
A carving on a tombstone or monument, often in the form of
a verse poem, biblical passage,
or literary allusion appearing after the deceased individual's
name and date of birth/death. Often used synonymously with epitaph.
CENSORSHIP:
The act of hiding, removing, altering or destroying copies of
art or writing so that general public access to it is partially
or completely limited. Contrast with bowdlerization.
Click here to download a PDF
handout discussing censorship in great detail. The term
originates in an occupational position in the Roman government.
After the fifth century BCE, Rome commissioned "censors."
These censors at first were limited to conducting the census
for tax estimations, but in latter times, their job was to impose
moral standards for citizenship, including the removal of unsavory
literature. See also the Censorship
Ordinance of 1559 and the Profanity
Act of 1606.
CENSORSHIP
ORDINANCE OF 1559: This law under Queen Elizabeth required
the political censorship of public plays and all printed materials
in matters of religion and the government. The Master of Revels
was appointed to monitor and control such material. All of Shakespeare's
early works were written under this act. We can see signs of
alteration in his early works to conform to the requirements
of the censors. Contrast with the Profanity
Act of 1606.
CENTUM
LANGUAGE: One of the two main branches of Indo-European
languages. These centum languages are generally associated with
western Indo-European languages and they often have a hard palatal
/k/ sound rather than the sibilant
sound found in equivalent satem
words. See discussion under Indo-European.
CHAIN
OF BEING: An elaborate cosmological model of the universe
common in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. The Great Chain
of Being was a permanently fixed hierarchy with the Judeo-Christian
God at the top of the chain and inanimate objects like stones
and mud at the bottom. Intermediate beings and objects, such
as angels, humans, animals, and plants, were arrayed in descending
order of intelligence, authority, and capability between these
two extremes. The Chain of Being was seen as designed by God.
The idea of the Chain of Being resonates in art, politics, literature,
cosmology, theology, and philosophy throughout the Middle Ages
and Renaissance. It takes on particular complexity because different
parts of the Chain were thought to correspond to each other.
(See correspondences.)
Click here for more information.
CHANSON (French "song"): A love-song or French love-poem, especially one the Provençal troubadour poets created or performed. Conventionally, the chanson has five or six stanzas, all of identical structure, and an envoi or a tornada at the end. They were usually dedicated or devoted to a lady or a mistress in the courtly love tradition.
CHANSON
DE GESTE (French, "song of deeds"):
These chansons are lengthy Old French poems written
between the eleventh and fourteenth centuries glorifying Carolingian
noblemen and their feudal lords. The chansons de geste
combine history and legend.
They focus on religious aspects of chivalry
Copyright Dr. L.
Kip Wheeler 1998-2012. Permission is granted for non-profit,
educational, and student reproduction. Last updated March 30, 2012. Contact: kwheeler@cn.edu Please
e-mail corrections, suggestions, or comments to help me improve this
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