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searchtsearchabusio with good reason. Too commonly abusio
is the result of sloppy writing, such as the history student
who wrote "the dreadful hand of totalitarianism watches
all that goes on around it and growls at its enemies."
(It would have been better to stick with a single metaphor and
state "the eye of totalitarianism watches all that goes
on around it and glares at its enemies." We should leave
out the mixed imagery of watchful hands growling at people;
it's just stupid and inconsistent.) However, when used intentionally
for a subtle effect, abusio and catachresis can
be powerful tools for originality.
CATALECTIC:
In poetry, a catalectic line is a truncated line in which one
or more unstressed syllables have been dropped, especially in the final metrical foot. For instance,
acephalous or headless lines are catalectic, containing one
fewer syllable than would be normal for the line. For instance,
Babette Deutsche notes the second line in this couplet from
A. E. Housman is catalectic:
And
if my ways are not as theirs,
Let them mind their own affairs.
On the other hand, in trochaic
verse, the final syllable tends to be the truncated one, as
Deutsche notes about the first two lines of Shelley's stanza:
Music,
when soft voices die,
Vibrates in the memory--
Odours, when sweet violets sicken,
Live within the senses they quicken.
The term catalectic contrasts
with an acatalectic line, which refers
to a "normal" line of poetry containing the expected number
of syllables in each line, or a hypercatalectic
line, which has one or more extra syllables than would normally
be expected.
CATALEXIS:
Truncation of a poetic line--i.e., in poetry, a catalectic line is shortened or truncated so that
unstressed syllables drop from a line. The act of such truncation is called catalexis. If catalexis occurs at
the start of a line, that line is said to be acephalous or headless.
See catalectic.
CATALOGING:
Creating long lists for poetic or rhetorical effect. The technique
is common in epic
literature, where conventionally the poet would devise long
lists of famous princes, aristocrats, warriors, and mythic heroes
to be lined up in battle and slaughtered. The technique is also
common in the practice of giving illustrious genealogies ("and
so-and-so begat so-and-so," or "x, son of y, son of
z" etc.) for famous individuals. An example in American
literature is Whitman's multi-page catalog of American types
in section 15 of "Song of Myself." An excerpt appears
below:
The
pure contralto sings in the organ loft,
The carpenter dresses his plank, the tongue of his foreplane
whistles its wild ascending lisp,
The married and unmarried children ride home to their Thanksgiving
dinner,
The pilot seizes the king-pin, he heaves down with a strong
arm,
The mate stands braced in the whale-boat, lance and harpoon
are ready,
The duck-shooter walks by silent and cautious stretches,
The
deacons are ordained with crossed hands at the altar,
The spinning-girl retreats and advances to the hum of the
big wheel,
The farmer stops by the bars as he walks on a First-day
loaf and looks at the oats and rye,
The
lunatic is carried at last to the asylum a confirmed case....
[etc.]
One of the more humorous
examples of cataloging appears in the Welsh Mabinogion.
In one tale, "Culhwch and Olwen," the protagonist
invokes in an oath all the names of King Arthur's companion-warriors,
giving lists of their unusual attributes or abilities running
to six pages.
CATASTROPHE:
The "turning downward" of the plot in a classical
tragedy. By tradition, the catastrophe occurs in the fourth
act of the play after the climax. (See tragedy.)
Freytag's pyramid
illustrates visually the normal charting of the catastrophe
in a plotline.
CATCH: A lyric poem or song meant to be sung as a round, with the words arranged in each line so that the audience will hear a hidden (often humorous or ribald) message as the groups of singers sing their separate lyrics and space out the wording of the poem. For example, one might write a song in which the first line contained the words "up," the word "look" appears in the middle of the third line, the word "dress" appears in the second line, and the word "her" appears in the middle of the fourth line. When the song or poem is sung as a round by four groups of singers, the word order and timing is arranged so that the singers create the hidden phrase "look up her dress" as they sing, to the amusement of the audience as they listen to an otherwise innocent set of lyrics. Robert Herrick's "To the Virgins, to Make Much of Time" is an example of a catch, and when William Lawes adapted the poem to music for Milton's masque Comus, it became one of the most popular drinking songs of the 1600s (Damrosche 844-45).
CATCHWORD:
This phrase comes from printing; it refers to a trick printers
would use to keep pages in their proper order. The printer would
print a specific word below the text at the bottom of a page.
This word would match the first word on the next page. A printer
could thus check the order by flipping quickly from one page
to the next and making sure the catchword matched appropriately.
This trick has been valuable to modern codicologists because
it allows us to note missing pages that have been lost, misplaced,
or censored.
CATHARSIS:
An emotional discharge that brings about a moral or spiritual
renewal or welcome relief from tension and anxiety. According
to Aristotle, catharsis is the marking feature and ultimate
end of any tragic artistic work. He writes in his Poetics
(c. 350 BCE): "Tragedy is an imitation of an action that is
serious, complete, and of a certain magnitude; . . .
through pity [eleos] and fear [phobos] effecting
the proper purgation [catharsis] of these emotions"
(Book 6.2). (See tragedy.)
Click here to download
a pdf handout concerning this material.
CAUDATE
RHYME: Another term for tail-rhyme or rime
couée. See discussion under tail-rhyme.
CAVALIER:
A follower of Charles I of England (ruled c. 1625-49) in his
struggles with the Puritan-dominated parliament. The term is
used in contrast with Roundheads,
his Puritan opponents. Cavaliers were primarily wealthy aristocrats
and courtiers. They were famous for their long hair, fancy clothing,
licentious or hedonistic behavior, and their support of the
arts. See Cavalier
drama and Cavalier
poets, below. Ultimately, Cromwell led the Roundheads
in a coup d'état and established a Puritan dictatorship
in England, leading to the end of the English Renaissance
Copyright Dr. L.
Kip Wheeler 1998-2012. Permission is granted for non-profit,
educational, and student reproduction. Last updated March 30, 2012. Contact: kwheeler@cn.edu Please
e-mail corrections, suggestions, or comments to help me improve this
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